Sometimes, the biggest transformations don’t arrive with fireworks. They quietly slip into the fabric of everyday life, until one day, everything feels dramatically simpler.

India may just be standing at the edge of one such transformation. It’s not about space rockets, not about AI, not about electric cars. This time, it’s about something far more basic. An address. The one thing each of us uses countless times — to guide a friend to our house, to visit a new place, to receive deliveries, or for government documents — but never truly notices how broken it has been.

In this week’s Policy Mandala, we are here to decode this journey. Because if DHRUVA succeeds, it can rewrite how 1.4 billion Indians identify where they live, how businesses find them, how governments serve them, and how India’s digital public infrastructure quietly takes one more giant leap.

Today, if you want groceries delivered to your apartment in Ghaziabad, you probably type something like: “Flat 4B, near Sharma Medical Store, Mohan Nagar, Ghaziabad - 201017.” It sounds fine — until the delivery agent calls you frantically. “Bhaiya, landmark kya hai?” And that tiny, daily headache gets repeated across millions of homes, every single day.

India’s address system is wildly inefficient.

Our 19,000 PIN codes cover huge swathes of land — each PIN roughly maps 170 square kilometers. That’s nearly 10,000 cricket stadiums bundled into one postal code! No wonder a lot of deliveries fail, welfare schemes misfire, property records get disputed, and service providers struggle in reaching ‘you’. In fact, according to one 2018 estimate, India’s broken address system costs us nearly ₹83,000 crore to ₹1.16 lakh crore annually — around 0.5% of our GDP. Because when addresses are vague, deliveries fail, welfare benefits miss the right person, paperwork piles up, and people spend hours explaining “landmarks” over phone calls — across millions of people, that waste adds up fast.

Enter DHRUVA.

Launched in the first week of June by the Department of Posts in collaboration with ISRO and IIT Hyderabad, DHRUVA — Digital Hub for Reference & Unique Virtual Address — aims to finally fix India’s address problem at the root. And it does so with a fascinating twist at two levels: first, instead of our vague, text-based addresses, every location in India will soon have a unique 10 digit DIGIPIN — a precise 4x4 meter square, mapped through satellite-based geocoding.

Yes, 4x4 meters. That means your doorstep, not just your building or street. Across India’s 3.287 million square kilometers, that means about 205.4 billion possible DIGIPINs.

Much of this draws upon India’s growing geospatial backbone, built steadily through platforms like ISRO’s Bhuvan, which has been mapping India's physical infrastructure for years. DHRUVA builds on top of this to finally give every individual a precise, verifiable digital address.

The second is the Digital Address Layer — where users can create human-readable, customizable handles like rahul.kumar@dhruva, mapped to their unique DIGIPIN. Together, these two layers turn every location into a verified, shareable, and legally usable digital address.

Of course, the idea of digital addressing isn’t entirely new. India’s experiments with this began as early as 2016, when MapmyIndia launched eLoc, assigning unique 6-character codes to locations across India. Around 2020, startups like Pataa entered, allowing users to create personalized address short-codes paired with voice directions. More recently, platforms like BHASKAR, supported under Startup India, have also emerged to build digital addressing solutions for India’s evolving logistics and governance needs.

Globally too, countries like the United States (National Address Database), Australia (Geocoded National Address File), Ghana (GhanaPost GPS), and the United Kingdom (National Address Gazetteer using Unique Property Reference Numbers) have built national address registries to bring precision and standardization.

But isn’t this what Google Maps already does? Not quite.

Google Maps helps you navigate. DHRUVA ties your location to your identity. It helps you prove and securely share your address. Your Google location pin can’t be used as legal address proof, doesn’t give you control over who sees it, and can’t be officially verified for government or financial services. DHRUVA, on the other hand, allows you to create a personal handle — say, rahul.kumar@dhruva — that ties your physical location to a verified digital identity.

And unlike Google, where your data lives on corporate servers, DHRUVA’s architecture is fully privacy-by-design, consent-based, federated, and entirely governed by Indian law under the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023.

But what does this mean for you and me?

Imagine applying for a government scheme that requires proof of address. Instead of submitting electricity bills, rental agreements, or Aadhaar printouts, you simply submit your verified DHRUVA handle. The official will be able to instantly validate your address through authorized verification agencies (AAVAs), no back-and-forth paperwork.

Ordering a parcel? Your DIGIPIN leads the delivery person directly to your doorstep — not somewhere near a random “Sharma Medical Store.” No more frustrating calls. No more failed deliveries.

And perhaps more importantly: life isn’t static — homes change, plots get divided, people move, tenants shift, land parcels mutate. Traditional GIS or address systems can’t keep up with these changes. But DHRUVA is designed for this dynamism.

If a property gets subdivided, DIGIPINs can be reassigned accordingly. When ownership changes, your Digital Address handle can simply be revoked or transferred to the next occupant while the location remains fixed. Even tenants or migrants can dynamically update their address handle as they move.

In short, DHRUVA introduces something India’s addressing system has long lacked: updatable, portable, citizen-controlled addresses.

For businesses — especially in logistics, e-commerce, fintech, proptech, and emergency services — DHRUVA could be a game-changer. Today, logistics eats up nearly 14% of India’s GDP, which is too high compared to 8-9% in developed economies like the US or Germany. Inefficient last-mile delivery and poor addressing are huge reasons why. Even capturing one-fourth of this inefficiency through DHRUVA could save us around ₹20,000 to ₹30,000 crore annually — that’s equivalent to around 0.1% of GDP.

Yes, DHRUVA is in the future — a window into what could soon become possible.

In not-so-distant future drone deliveries, too, could finally become practical at scale. With DHRUVA’s pinpoint accuracy, autonomous drones won’t have to “guess” where to drop a parcel — the 4x4 meter grids allow them to land precisely where they should, even in dense urban settings or remote villages.

The policy’s potential is equally massive for governance. From land record digitization, to identifying benami properties, preventing shell companies fraud, simplifying land acquisition, and even revolutionizing the Census process — DHRUVA’s granular data can plug into dozens of systems that today function in silos.

Of course, it isn’t perfect yet. For instance, DHRUVA currently doesn’t fully capture vertical separation — meaning two apartments stacked on top of each other may initially share the same DIGIPIN. But even here, the architecture allows descriptive add-ons (like “Flat 4B, 3rd floor”) and future upgrades as technology matures.

Beyond that, there are policy gaps — from lack of financial incentives for private players, to legal complexities around ID linkages, limited coordination with land records and AgriStack, and the need for robust data governance as adoption scales.

But amid these challenges, the government is also laying the groundwork to attract innovation and private sector participation.

The government has offered open APIs (Application Programming Interface) and plug-and-play integration, allowing startups and companies to build services atop DHRUVA — just like they did with UPI and Aadhaar. Think about logistics firms integrating DHRUVA to optimize their routes, or fintech startups offering faster, cheaper address verification for KYC.

And internationally, this isn’t just a domestic exercise. India’s DPI model which forms a major portion of the India Stack — Aadhaar, UPI, DigiLocker, e-KYC — is being actively exported globally, with over 20 countries adopting parts of it through platforms like MOSIP and NPCI International. As Industrial 5.0 approaches — an era of AI-driven, human-centric governance — India’s DPI leadership may well become a soft-power asset that shapes the global digital architecture.

What’s happening quietly with DHRUVA, therefore, is far bigger than an address reform. It’s India building the fourth layer of its digital public stack — after digital identity, payments, and data empowerment. It’s yet another audacious attempt to turn an everyday pain point into a globally exportable public good.

The real test now lies in how well we implement, how transparently we govern, and how much trust we can build among citizens to opt in. More importantly, we still await a clear timeline from the government — will this take decades like the Chenab Bridge, or move with the speed of UPI?

But if we pull it off, your simple act of sharing your address may soon become one of the most elegant proofs of India’s grand digital journey.

And that — is why we are talking about DHRUVA this week.

Book Mandala

In this section, we suggest a book to be read/listened to each week, for the inner policy enthusiast in you :)

Book: AI for Digital Public Infrastructure

Author: Karl N. Mehta

About the Book:
In AI for Digital Public Infrastructure, Karl N. Mehta offers a highly accessible, deeply practical blueprint for how governments can embed artificial intelligence into their public service delivery frameworks. Drawing from case studies across sectors, Mehta breaks down the building blocks of Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) — including identity, payments, data sharing, and geospatial platforms — and shows how AI can make them smarter, more responsive, and more inclusive. The book covers everything from consent architecture and service personalization to real-time policy feedback loops, offering a grounded playbook for public sector leaders navigating the next wave of digital governance.

Our Take:
What makes Mehta’s work especially timely for India’s DPI journey is its clear articulation of how AI can serve as a “second layer” atop the robust DPI stack India is already building — Aadhaar for identity, UPI for payments, DigiLocker for data, and now DHRUVA for addresses. Mehta emphasizes that true AI-powered governance isn’t about replacing human decision-making but about making public services more adaptive, predictive, and citizen-centric — exactly the vision that platforms like DHRUVA could soon enable. For policymakers, technocrats, and young professionals working at the intersection of governance and technology, this book offers a crisp, globally relevant lens on where India — and the world — may be headed next.

Co-authored by Mrinal Rai and Aswathi Prakash.

Hope you liked today’s Policy Mandala!

We believe nation-building needs a community of changemakers—so we’re creating Bharat Mandala, an ecosystem for impact. Be part of our journey here!

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Imagine you’re back in Class 8, nervously opening your report card. Maths? A proud A. History? A humbling C. That single sheet doesn’t just show how you did—it tells you where to double down and where to breathe easily. It’s part celebration, part course correction.

Now zoom out from the classroom to the country. Think of India’s digital dashboards as its report cards—only these update daily, weekly, even minute by minute. Every single minute, someone is punching in new data on schools, toilets, roads, or rainfall.

These dashboards turn raw numbers into charts, graphs, and map-based infographics. No more dusty files or long meetings to figure out what’s going on. The right data is just a few clicks away.

Picture a district collector in Chhattisgarh checking today’s toilet construction under Swachh Bharat or reviewing water pipe-laying under Jal Jeevan Mission—all on a screen, in real time.

The idea is simple: use data to drive decisions. Just like your report card helped your parents decide if you needed a tutor or a treat, dashboards help officials decide where to deploy funds, send staff, or celebrate success.

Dashboards typically serve three goals: they make progress visible (a village lighting up on a map as it gets electricity), they aggregate scattered data, and they track specific objectives—reducing malnutrition, improving learning, increasing access to clean water.

Some dashboards, like the Aspirational Districts one, are internal. Others, like Swachh Bharat’s, are public.

But here’s the real question: Are dashboards truly guiding better decisions—or are they just showcasing selective or irrelevant data?

India’s dashboard journey began with PMES in the early 2000s and picked up after 2014 with Ujala, electrification, and Swachh Bharat—each tracked in real time.

Then came the mega-dashboard moment: the Aspirational Districts Programme, launched by NITI Aayog in 2018. It focused on 112 lagging districts, tracking indicators from health to education to basic infrastructure.

By 2023, NITI Aayog was managing over 45 dashboards—yes, forty-five—each trying to bring some order to India’s famously chaotic data landscape.

In this edition of Policy Mandala, we’re going to uncover the magic of dashboards—how they shape policy decisions, where they shine, and where they seriously need a software upgrade.

Let’s now dive into the dashboards themselves—the good, the great, and the ones still buffering.

The first real poster child of dashboard-based governance was the GARV Dashboard, launched in 2014 under the Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana. Its job? Track rural electrification. Every new pole or power line installed had to be geo-tagged with photographs. This meant ground staff couldn’t just say a village was electrified—they had to show it.

Thanks to daily updates and GPS-enabled uploads, officials had real-time visibility. By 2018, nearly all villages were electrified. As Economic Times put it: “Every pole was verified, ensuring transparency.” Of course, early on, poor internet connectivity in remote areas caused a few hiccups. But overall, GARV proved that with the right design, data could genuinely drive delivery.

From electricity to nutrition—the Poshan Tracker, launched under the Poshan Abhiyaan, monitors child malnutrition. Anganwadi workers use a mobile app to record children’s height, weight, and overall nutritional status every month. It also links to the SDG Dashboard and Aspirational Districts Dashboard, offering a harmonised view of ground-level implementation.

It has shown results. In 2020, it flagged rising malnutrition in Maharashtra’s Palghar district. That alert led to emergency food interventions. A DataDENT report even called it a “game-changer.” But field workers often face pressure to report improved trends, creating a risk of overly optimistic data. When dashboards reflect ambition instead of reality, the feedback loop breaks down.

The Aspirational Districts Dashboard, launched in 2018 by NITI Aayog, tracks 112 underperforming districts across themes like health, education, and infrastructure. It’s a bit like a leaderboard for governance—districts are ranked and nudged to improve through healthy competition.

Take Jharkhand, which saw a surge in school enrolments after a low ranking triggered focused intervention in 2019. As NITI Aayog’s Supreet Kaur said, “It fosters collaboration.” But rural internet gaps often delay updates, meaning dashboards might display outdated information—leading to poor decision-making despite good intentions.

Next, in education, the UDISE+ Dashboard (Unified District Information System for Education) tracks metrics like enrollment, facilities, and infrastructure. In 2021, it identified major sanitation gaps in UP schools, unlocking targeted funding for toilet construction.

However, officials in some districts have admitted that schools often inflate enrollment data to qualify for additional schemes. This distortion, driven by the pressure to perform, compromises the very purpose of the dashboard: honest visibility.

Now let’s zoom out to the SDG India Index Dashboard, created by NITI Aayog to track how states perform against the 17 Sustainable Development Goals. India’s overall score improved from 57 in 2018 to 71 in 2023–24. States like Tamil Nadu made significant progress on maternal health indicators and institutional deliveries. Similarly, Odisha’s focused efforts on sustainable livelihoods and forest regeneration contributed to improved SDG scores.

The dashboard has earned international recognition for its design and interactivity. But many local officials find the indicators too abstract or jargon-heavy. Simplifying the interface and guidance could unlock far more grassroots engagement.

On to water—the Jal Jeevan Mission Dashboard tracks piped water access in rural homes. By 2023, it reported that over 12 crore households had been connected. This visibility helped states like Uttar Pradesh ramp up pipeline projects in 2022. A ministry official called it “transformative.”

Yet, one core problem persists: data entry is not linked to on-ground validation. Unlike the Swachh Bharat Mission, which used geo-tagged photos from villages to track toilet construction, Jal Jeevan relies heavily on aggregated reporting. A more transparent system—village-level entries paired with GIS-tagged images—could ensure the taps on the dashboard match the taps on the ground.

Finally, the Composite Water Management Index (CWMI) dashboard evaluates state-level performance on water conservation, efficiency, and restoration. In 2019, Gujarat’s high scores on groundwater recharge and policy innovation nudged Rajasthan to adopt similar practices.

Here, dashboards have done more than monitor—they’ve enabled “competitive, cooperative federalism” in action. States borrow successful practices from one another, not just under pressure, but out of pride. The only drawback? Annual updates. For something as urgent as drought management, that’s simply too slow. Quicker, seasonal reporting could help states respond with the urgency water issues demand.

Across dashboards spanning electricity, nutrition, education, water, and development, a few clear patterns stand out. When built with real-time data capture, easy-to-read visuals, and strong last-mile accountability—like GARV or Jal Jeevan Mission—dashboards can transform governance. But when the data is delayed, inflated, or disconnected from ground reality—as in parts of UDISE+ or Poshan Tracker—they risk becoming glossy façades. The real power of dashboards lies in their ability to fuel competitive federalism—where states compete to climb leaderboards—and foster collaborative learning, where one district’s innovation becomes another’s model. To truly deliver, dashboards must shift from simply tracking activities to building transparency, triggering timely action, and enabling course correction.

Yet, several challenges persist. The pressure to “look good” often leads to data manipulation—fake entries in water pipeline connections under Jal Jeevan Mission, inflated school enrollments in UDISE+. Connectivity gaps delay updates, and in dashboards like Poshan

Tracker delays or skewed inputs can misrepresent ground realities. Oversimplification is another risk. For instance, Poshan Tracker once showed “low malnutrition” in Katihar, Bihar—even as hunger persisted due to poverty. The problem wasn’t lack of data, but the need for more granular insights. Village- or block-level data might have told a very different story. Without such depth, dashboards can miss what truly matters.

Now imagine an India where dashboards are not just digital displays, but the pulse of governance. Every piped-water connection under the Jal Jeevan Mission is geo-tagged and photo-verified, curbing data fudging and reducing the need for tedious follow-ups. Real-time data flows in from remote corners, thanks to offline-enabled devices that sync automatically once connectivity returns.

A health worker in rural Bihar logs accurate malnutrition data into Poshan Tracker. The system triggers nutritional support and maps the data alongside poverty indicators—enabling targeted welfare. A school in Uttar Pradesh enters enrollment figures into UDISE+, unlocking funds for toilets and classrooms—no middlemen involved. In Rajasthan, a dashboard confirms clean water access instantly.

Citizens are part of this data revolution too. Dashboards are available via panchayat kiosks or mobile apps, with features to flag incorrect data—whether unbuilt toilets or ghost enrollments. Officials use intuitive tools like the SDG India Index to set priorities, compare outcomes, and learn from others—fostering both competition and collaboration.

How do we make this vision a reality?

Start with verified, source-level data—using GIS-tagged photos. Enable offline-online syncs and train more data collectors, not just add devices. Create more citizen-facing dashboards that invite feedback. And integrate qualitative inputs—field observations, real stories, community voices.

Dashboards can transform governance—but only if treated as tools for service, not spectacle. India needs dashboards that are smart, sensitive, and rooted in local realities—designed for course correction, not just celebration. Only then can data truly drive better decisions, and digital governance become meaningful in both form and function.

Book Mandala

In this section, we suggest a book to be read/listened to each week, for the inner policy enthusiast in you :)

Book: Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition have Failed

Author: James Scott

About the Book:

Why do well-intentioned policies often fail? James C. Scott’s Seeing Like a State takes us deep into the logic of bureaucratic governance—and how it can go awry when it tries to impose order on the messy realities of human life. From Soviet collectivization to modernist city planning, Scott explores how large-scale planning projects—despite how noble in intent—often crumble because they ignore the lived experiences, local knowledge, and adaptive practices of real communities.

Using rich historical examples and a sharp interdisciplinary lens, Scott shows how states "see" societies not as complex human ecosystems but as simplified grids—leading to unintended consequences, inefficiencies, and at times, disaster.

Our Take:

Scott doesn’t just critique state planning; he lays bare the why behind the failures, drawing attention to the blindness that can come from too much faith in rational design.

We loved how the book balances philosophical depth with practical insight. It’s as much about power and vision as it is about rice farming in Tanzania or city blocks in Brasília. At its core, it reminds policymakers to stay humble—and to trust the wisdom embedded in lived, local realities.

If you’ve ever wondered why grand plans on paper fall apart in the field, Seeing Like a State will change the way you think about governance altogether.

Co-authored by Meenakshi Singh and Aswathi Prakash

Hope you liked today’s Policy Mandala!

We believe nation-building needs a community of changemakers—so we’re creating Bharat Mandala, an ecosystem for impact. Be part of our journey here!

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Thanks for reading Policy Mandala! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support our work.

You can feel the difference, even if no one says it aloud.

It’s in the closed textile mill your uncle once worked in.
It’s in your cousin’s video calls from Chennai, where he finally found a job.
It’s in your father’s quiet words: “Yahaan toh kuch hota hi nahin.”

And it’s in the way cities across the border buzz with new warehouses, call centres, metro lines, and export hubs.

Why does one place surge ahead while another stays still?

Often, the answer lies in one thing: how seriously a state took industrial growth.

It’s about whether your state made it easy to set up a factory, offered land and power on time, and told investors through actions—not just words—you are welcome here.

That quiet but deliberate choice is called an industrial policy.

If it sounds abstract, think of it this way:
Whether you got a job near home—or had to leave—may trace back to a document your state wrote years ago. It shaped who came to invest, or why they stayed away.

Now, imagine someone like Ankit.

Ankit runs a small but growing startup that manufactures battery systems for electric vehicles. He’s built enough demand to consider opening a second unit—maybe in another state.

Where should he go? To decide, Ankit would turn to industrial policies of each state.

The right policy will help his startup grow. The wrong policy could slow him down or make expansion harder.

That’s why this week on Policy Mandala, we’re exploring industrial policies.
States are placing bold bets on their economic futures. Some are emerging as powerhouses. Others are racing to catch up.

It all started, quietly, in 1972, when Madhya Pradesh became the first state to draft its own industrial policy—well before liberalisation, and long before state competition became fashionable.

Today, every major state has one. But are they all the same? Not quite.

So what really makes a good industrial policy? And how can we tell which states are doing it right?

Let’s break it down.

1. Incentive Structures: The first thing Ankit checks.

Before anything else, Ankit needs to know if the numbers make sense. Will the state help reduce his setup costs? Will it reward him for the jobs he creates or the turnover he generates?

Incentives aren’t just sugarcoating. For someone like Ankit — running on thin margins and investor deadlines — they can decide whether a unit is set up at all.

Gujarat understands this. It moved away from the messy SGST-linked reimbursements and now offers direct capital subsidies. No upper limits. Disbursed over 10 to 20 years. Predictable, scalable, and clear. If Ankit invests ₹50 crore, he knows exactly what he’ll get back—and when.

Tamil Nadu goes deep too. Its Structured Packages can cover up to 40% of eligible fixed assets for FDI projects. It also offers training subsidies of ₹4,000–₹6,000 per worker each month. Incentives vary by project size—Large, Mega, or Ultra-Mega—and the state has a ₹500 crore Venture Capital Fund for startups in sunrise sectors.

Meanwhile, Karnataka has moved towards production-linked incentives (PLIs), adding a layer of support over the Central government’s scheme. If Ankit scales fast, he could earn back 2%–2.5% of his turnover annually for seven years. That’s not just cost relief—it’s growth capital.

And Uttar Pradesh? It's catching up through custom case-by-case incentives for Ultra Mega Projects, especially those relocating from abroad. If Ankit’s firm uses imported machinery, UP considers 40% of that cost as part of the incentive calculation.

But what if incentives get delayed or tangled in red tape?

That’s when Ankit turns to the next filter: Who’s running the show?

2. State Nodal Agencies: The invisible hands that make or break the deal.

Ankit doesn’t just need a policy on paper—he needs someone to pick up the phone. Guide him. Clear approvals. Push files.

Tamil Nadu leads here. Agencies like SIPCOT and SIDCO manage land, infrastructure, and cluster development. "Biz Buddy," its grievance platform, resolves issues within 30 days. The Guidance Tamil Nadu agency even runs international desks in Taiwan and the US for NRIs and foreign investors.

Gujarat follows with iNDEXTb and the Investor Facilitation Agency, offering single-window clearances and relationship managers for large investors. The Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation (GIDC) runs over 200 estates, with ready plug-and-play infrastructure.

Maharashtra has MAITRI—its single-window portal—but struggles with perception around delays. Still, for big projects, fast-track approvals and dedicated investor facilitation cells are in place.

Uttar Pradesh’s Nivesh Mitra portal offers 350 services across 29 departments online. It also ranks all 75 districts monthly on investor-friendliness, pushing local officers to deliver.

Ankit knows now: incentives matter—but delivery matters more.

3. Sector-Specific Focus: Is there a natural fit for what I do?

Ankit’s battery systems fall within EVs, energy storage, and advanced manufacturing. He’s not looking for generic support—he needs ecosystems.

Karnataka could be ideal. It’s laser-focused on EVs, aerospace, semiconductors, and biotech. It even offers ₹5 lakh subsidies to MSMEs adopting Industry 5.0 tech. Bengaluru hosts a Centre of Excellence for Industry 5.0, with ₹100 crore committed.

Tamil Nadu, too, has mapped out sunrise sectors: EVs, medical devices, renewable energy, aerospace. It’s building entire corridors—Chennai-Bengaluru, Chennai-Kanyakumari—to host these industries. It has dedicated policies, land banks, and incentives just for these.

Gujarat positions itself as a post-COVID hub for global supply chain relocation. Its special industrial zones—Dholera for EVs and GIFT City for finance, aren’t just projects—they are full ecosystem models.

Uttar Pradesh is investing in value chain integration via its One District One Product (ODOP) initiative and sector-specific clusters. But for deep-tech or future mobility, it still has some distance to cover.

4. Ease of Doing Business: The silent dealbreaker.

If Ankit had to choose between two equally promising states, he’d go where the paperwork moves faster than the chai queue.

In the 2024 the Business Reforms Action Plan (BRAP) rankings, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat, topped the charts. Gujarat retained its ‘Top Performer’ tag with reforms like allowing MSMEs to start with just a Declaration of Intent, digitizing inspections and offering capital subsidies de-linked from SGST.

Tamil Nadu, ranked second, pushed over 301 reforms under the Business Reform Action Plan and launched Biz Buddy to resolve grievances within 30 days. Its New Single Window Portal now covers 180+ services, fully paperless and faceless.

Uttar Pradesh was the fastest mover, climbing into the top six by radically improving Nivesh Mitra, which now offers 353 services across 29 departments, with no human touchpoints. Plus, it’s the only state to run monthly district-level EoDB rankings to create internal administrative competition.

Karnataka, while digitized, still suffers from a Bengaluru bottleneck. Zones 1 and 2 often face slow clearances, and while it introduced deemed land allotments after 60 days, execution is patchy.

On the flip side, Bihar, Jharkhand, and parts of the Northeast remain at the bottom, dragged down by weak online integration, poor grievance timelines, and fragmented single-window systems.

For Ankit, that means more than a slow start—it means riskier expansion.

5. Infrastructure: Where the promise meets the plot of land.

This is where reality bites.

Does the state have land? Is it litigation-free? Are roads and power lines already laid? For Ankit, it’s a question of whether he can start production in 6 months or 16.

Let’s compare.

• Tamil Nadu leads again with a 40,000-acre land bank across 57 SEZs and estates. Over 3,500 acres are ready-to-occupy. Linked to four airports and four ports, it’s India’s third-largest exporter. It even built worker housing for 20,000 people near Sriperumbudur—a “walk-to-work” model.
  
  

• Gujarat has invested deeply in infrastructure-heavy growth. With 920 sq. km at Dholera Special Investment Region (SIR), 49 ports handling 40% of India’s cargo, and land leased at 6% of market rate, it remains unmatched in integrated logistics. Gujarat also accounts for 17.72% of India’s total factory output.
  
  

• Karnataka is catching up. It’s developing 50 industrial parks, with mega logistics parks of 100+ acres. But KIADB’s land processing timelines are a known drag—especially in Zones 1 and 2.
  
  

• Uttar Pradesh is leveraging the Eastern and Western Freight Corridors. But its land availability often lags in terms of plug-and-play readiness compared to southern states.

So what more can states do?

Even with all the bold steps we’ve seen, the road ahead isn’t just about more—it’s about better. Here's what’s still missing in many state industrial policies, and what could change the game:

1. Measure more than money.

Most state policies obsess over investment inflow numbers—₹ lakh crore signed at summits, MoUs inked, FDI received. But few ask: Did those investments actually create jobs? Were they inclusive? Did they reach underdeveloped districts?

States need to go beyond vanity metrics. Create dashboards that track job creation, skilling outcomes, MSME survival rates, and regional equity.

2. Second-generation EoDB reforms.

Almost all states have single window systems. But many still stop at licensing. The next frontier is post-establishment support—faster utility connections, real-time land dispute resolution, municipal compliance easing, and MSME grievance monitoring. Tamil Nadu’s Biz Buddy and UP’s district competition model are promising starts—but others must follow.

3. Deep tech and R&D ecosystems.

Startups get lip service in most policies. But very few states actually invest in R&D infra. Karnataka’s ₹100 crore for Industry 5.0 and Tamil Nadu’s ₹500 crore Industrial Ecosystem Fund are outliers.

States must co-invest in testing labs, design centres, innovation funds, and university–industry linkages if they want to leapfrog in global value chains.

4. Real decentralisation.

In most states, industrial growth remains concentrated—Chennai and Coimbatore, Bengaluru and Mysuru, Mumbai and Pune. Policies must build economic corridors beyond metros. Tamil Nadu’s A/B/C district model and UP’s ODOP initiative show how incentives can be restructured to spread opportunity. Gujarat too offers higher subsidies in backward talukas. This approach needs scaling.

And now, we come back to you.

You might not read state industrial policies, but if you’ve ever moved for a job,
If your sibling’s new job appeared suddenly, or
If you’re waiting for your district to be noticed—
You’ve felt industrial policy’s impact.

So think about this:

Does your state have a clear industrial policy? Have you ever heard your local leaders speak of it?
If you could rewrite your state’s priorities, what would you focus on? Incentives? Infrastructure? Green growth?

India’s future isn’t being shaped in Delhi boardrooms anymore.
It’s being drafted, debated, and delivered in state capitals.

The only question is—will your state keep up?

Book Mandala

In this section, we suggest a book to be read/listened to each week, for the inner policy enthusiast in you :)

Book: Behold the Leviathan: The Unusual Rise of Modern India

Author: Saurabh Mukherjea & Nandita Rajhansa

About the Book:

India’s rise has long defied predictions—and Behold the Leviathan explains exactly why. Mukherjea and Rajhansa map the quiet revolutions taking place in unexpected places: among rural Indians, women, and historically disadvantaged castes.

The book uncovers the stories that statistics miss—from moon missions to a chess renaissance—and asks why, despite such dynamism, only a handful of Indian companies are truly thriving. Backed by deep research and field interviews, it’s part data, part insight, and part invitation to rethink India’s economic narrative.

Our Take:

Behold the Leviathan challenges the usual tropes that paint India’s growth story as either overhyped or undercooked. What makes this work stand out is its insistence on looking where most others don’t: at the progress brewing in rural districts, among women, and across caste lines. It’s refreshingly data-rich but deeply human, built not just on spreadsheets but on conversations with over 50 thinkers, entrepreneurs, bureaucrats, and academics.

What we appreciated most is the optimism grounded in realism. The authors don’t romanticise India’s rise. They document it, decode it, and challenge us to think differently about its future trajectory.

If you’ve ever felt that the big picture of India is missing its finer strokes, this book is for you.

Co-authored by Mrinal Rai and Aswathi Prakash.

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Below, we discuss one recent policy update from the past week(s), and analyze them for you: Let’s go!

Once upon a time, there was a family—a typical one, with parents, grandparents, and three siblings.

Now, these siblings were quite different. One was the overachiever—acing exams, keeping their room spotless, and always earning praise. The second? Just about average—sometimes brilliant, sometimes struggling. And the third? Well, they preferred the easy life, doing just enough to get by.

Then came a game-changer. The parents introduced a new rule: the sibling with the cleanest room and best performance would get extra allowance and a bonus ice cream every month. Suddenly, everything changed. Rooms were spotless. Grades improved. Even the laid-back sibling started putting in some effort. Competition had arrived.

Now, imagine the family as India, the parents as the central government, and the siblings as states—and you have the story of Indian governance today.

For the past decade, states have been locked in a high-stakes race—not just for prestige, but for investments, industries, and talent. Gone are the days when Gujarat and Maharashtra had an undisputed edge. Today, Uttar Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Odisha, and even Assam are aggressively positioning themselves as powerhouses of growth.

This competition, fueled by rankings, fiscal incentives, and recognition from the Centre, has reshaped governance at the state level. But here’s the big question—is this race truly leading to meaningful development, or just a numbers game?

Welcome to this week’s Policy Mandala, where we decode the shifting landscape of Indian governance. Let’s dive in.

If the last five years are any indication, investment summits have become the Olympics of state governance. From Vibrant Gujarat to the UP Global Investors Summit, states are leaving no stone unturned to attract businesses.

The UP Global Investors Summit 2024 alone saw investment proposals worth ₹30 lakh crore, with defence, electronics, and logistics emerging as key focus areas. Vibrant Gujarat 2024 followed closely, securing MoUs worth ₹26 lakh crore across sectors such as renewable energy, manufacturing, and technology. Tamil Nadu’s Global Investors Meet 2024 garnered ₹6.6 lakh crore in investment commitments, particularly in electric vehicles (EVs) and semiconductors, positioning the state as a rising hub in these industries. Meanwhile, Odisha’s Make in Odisha Conclave 2023 attracted ₹10.5 lakh crore in investment proposals, reinforcing the state’s growing importance as a major steel and aluminium hub.

What’s changed? Earlier, only industrial states held such events, but today, even non-traditional states like Assam and Uttarakhand are entering the fray.

But MoUs alone don’t build industries. The real test is implementation, and that’s where states are focusing next.

The Ease of Doing Business (EODB) Index, released by the World Bank, has become a crucial tool for investors to assess how business-friendly a state is. Based on ten key parameters, the ranking has driven states to digitize services, streamline approval processes, and simplify land acquisition. In a surprising shift, Kerala has topped the latest EODB rankings, with Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Haryana closely following. Uttar Pradesh, once notorious for bureaucratic red tape, has climbed into the top six, while West Bengal has made notable progress by easing industrial approval processes despite its political complexities. Meanwhile, Maharashtra and Karnataka, traditionally seen as economic powerhouses, have lost some ground due to delays in land approvals. As global investors increasingly rely on these rankings to guide their decisions, states are left with no choice but to continue improving their business environments.

Tourism has become another arena for competitive federalism. From airports to YouTube ads, states are marketing themselves aggressively to both Indian and international travelers. Madhya Pradesh’s push for tourism led to a significant increase in tourist numbers, with 11.21 crore visitors in 2023, a notable rise from 3.41 crore tourists in 2022. Rajasthan saw an uptick in tourism last year with more than 20 crore tourists, including 19 lakh foreigners, visiting the desert state famous for its forts, palaces, heritage, art, and culture. Odisha’s Blue Flag-certified beaches and eco-tourism projects are drawing high-end travelers. Kerala’s Ayurveda and wellness tourism sector brought in a revenue of ₹36,000 crore in 2022, a major growth driver. This isn’t just about travel—it’s about jobs, revenue, and global visibility. The competition is so intense that even smaller states like Sikkim and Meghalaya are investing in tourism infrastructure.

Beyond summits, states are actively engaging in global networking. Earlier, Davos and G20 meetings were the Centre’s domain, but now state chief ministers are pitching their regions directly to investors. A major shift has been the sectoral specialization of states. Telangana has emerged as the Pharma Capital, contributing 35% of India’s pharmaceutical output. Tamil Nadu is positioning itself as an EV and semiconductor hub, attracting key players from Tesla’s supply chain. Gujarat is leading in green hydrogen and renewable energy, while Karnataka is drawing AI and deep tech investments, solidifying Bengaluru’s status as India’s innovation capital. This state-led approach is making India’s growth more decentralized and dynamic.

States aren’t just competing for businesses—they’re competing for brains. The goal is to be seen as India’s next education hub. Beyond Delhi, Mumbai and Kolkata, Odisha’s Bhubaneswar has quietly built a strong education ecosystem, housing premier institutions like IIT, AIIMS, and NISER. Haryana hopes to build its own talent pool pitching Manesar and Sonepat as Education Hubs, while Rajasthan has positioned Jaipur as a private university hub, drawing students from across the country. Tamil Nadu and Karnataka are aggressively working to improve their university rankings and forge global partnerships. Attracting students isn’t just about education—it strengthens a state’s ability to retain high-skilled workers, which in turn fuels innovation and a thriving startup ecosystem.

The Centre is also actively nudging states towards better performance by linking funds to outcomes. The Finance Ministry’s outcome-based funding model now allocates central funds based on state performance in key sectors like health, education, and infrastructure. NITI Aayog’s sectoral rankings, covering areas such as health, innovation, and governance, have become public scorecards, not just for the central government but also for its own citizens, pushing states to benchmark against each other. The Smart Cities Mission had also embraced this approach, with ₹3,700 crore allocated as an incentive for states to complete projects within the stipulated time. This shift towards performance-linked governance ensures that states remain accountable, moving beyond grand announcements to tangible results.

India’s governance landscape is undergoing a fundamental shift. States are no longer passive recipients of central funds or policy directives; they are actively shaping their own destinies—competing for investments, talent, and global recognition. This competition is pushing states to invest in infrastructure and higher education, cut down bureaucratic red tape, market themselves aggressively on the global stage and innovate in governance through better rankings and accountability.

As India continues on this path, the real challenge will be ensuring that competition leads to meaningful collaboration—where successful models are shared, lagging states receive strategic support, and governance becomes a collective exercise in nation-building. After all, in this race, the ultimate winner should be the people.

Book Mandala

In this section, we suggest a book to be read/listened to each week, for the inner policy enthusiast in you :)

Book: Broken Promises: Caste, Crime and Politics in Bihar
Author: Mrityunjay Sharma

About the Book:
"Broken Promises: Caste, Crime and Politics in Bihar" by Mrityunjay Sharma offers a deep dive into the turbulent political landscape of Bihar, particularly during the 1990s and early 2000s. The book examines the interplay of caste, crime, and governance, unraveling how political leaders used caste identities to consolidate power while lawlessness and corruption thrived.

Mrityunjay Ji presents a gripping narrative of how Bihar, once a center of learning and culture, descended into a period of economic stagnation and social unrest. More than just a political history, the book sheds light on the resilience of its people and the ongoing struggle for change.

Our Take:
Broken Promises is a compelling and unflinching account of Bihar’s political and social transformation. The book stands out for its ability to weave together historical context, political maneuvering, and real-life consequences in an engaging and accessible manner. Mrityunjay Ji’s portrayal of caste politics is particularly insightful, highlighting how deeply entrenched identities shaped governance, often at the cost of development.

For readers interested in Indian politics, governance, and the impact of caste on democracy, Broken Promises is a must-read.

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Analysis Mandala: Deepening Policy Understanding

Below, we discuss one recent policy update from the past week(s), and analyze them for you: Let’s go!

We are citizens of India, and you might be a citizen of any of the 20+ countries where Policy Mandala is read. But does it really matter?

Passports? Voting rights? Owning property? What does citizenship actually mean? And more importantly, what does it mean to be a citizen?

Last week, the Trump administration threw a political grenade by signing an executive order revoking birthright citizenship in the USA. Essentially, this means that children born to immigrant parents in the US would no longer automatically become citizens. This move reinterprets the 14th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, which for over a century has guaranteed citizenship to anyone born on U.S. soil—regardless of their parents’ immigration status.

Naturally, legal fireworks followed. As we speak, 22 US states have filed lawsuits to block the order. But while the courtroom drama unfolds, it has triggered deeper conversations about citizenship itself—who qualifies, what defines it, and how different nations determine who belongs.

And India isn’t watching from the sidelines. Google searches for "US citizenship" shot up by 900% in India overnight, proving once again that policies made in Washington have a way of sending ripples (or panic attacks) across the globe. After all, the Indian diaspora is one of the largest in the world, and a policy like this could upend the life plans of thousands.

So, why are we talking about this in Policy Mandala?

Because citizenship isn’t just a legal status—it’s one of the building blocks of policy and governance. It shapes rights, responsibilities, and, in many ways, identities. Whether it’s for our readers across 18 US states or those sitting in India contemplating dual citizenship, this conversation matters.

But let’s take a step back. The broader, more philosophical question at hand is: What does it really mean to belong somewhere?

The Citizenship Rulebook: Who’s In and Who’s Out?

Let’s start with the US. Indians comprise about 1.47% of the U.S. population and are among the most successful immigrant groups, contributing significantly to tech, healthcare, and beyond. But if this executive order stands, it could be a major setback for thousands of Indian professionals on temporary visas.

This raises the bigger question—how do different countries decide who belongs? Citizenship isn’t just about birthplace; it’s about the legal rulebook each country follows. And while globalization might make borders feel less relevant, citizenship still carries serious weight.

We researched citizenship rulebooks across the world and found that broadly, there are five pathways to citizenship. Yes! So many paths. One objective. Let’s understand them deeper.

First, Jus Soli (right of the soil)—countries like the U.S. (so far: set to change now), Canada, and most of Latin America grant citizenship to anyone born on their land. It’s an open-door policy of sorts. In contrast, Jus Sanguinis (right of blood) applies in nations like India, China, and Israel, where citizenship is inherited from one’s parents, no matter where you were born.

Then there’s Jus Matrimonii—citizenship through marriage—practiced in places like the UK, Switzerland, and Mexico. Some countries even sell citizenship through Citizenship by Investment, where individuals can gain nationality by making hefty financial contributions. Egypt, Turkey, and Jordan have thriving investment programs for deep-pocketed applicants to gain citizenship.

Finally, there’s Naturalization, the most common route for long-term immigrants. It typically involves residency requirements for a defined number of years, language proficiency, and sometimes even a citizenship test.

Beyond these traditional pathways, two emerging debates are reshaping citizenship: Dual Citizenship and Citizenship for AI.

Some countries—like Canada, the UK, and Australia—allow dual citizenship, meaning individuals can legally hold passports from two nations. India, however, does not. Instead, it offers Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) status, which grants certain privileges but stops short of full citizenship rights like voting or holding public office. Proponents argue that allowing dual citizenship could strengthen ties with the Indian diaspora, while critics worry about divided loyalties. If India were to reconsider, would it deepen global ties or dilute national identity? What do you think: Is our strict stance a necessity—or a missed opportunity? Well, it’s an open question, but the next one seems even more curious!

The second debate is straight out of a sci-fi novel: Citizenship for AI and Bots.

In 2017, Saudi Arabia granted citizenship to Sophia, a humanoid robot, making global headlines. One moment, she was a robot; the next, she theoretically had rights—maybe even the obligation to pay taxes and vote (imagine an AI-backed political campaign! Would you vote for it?). Though the case of Sophia was symbolic, this move forces us to ask: Could AI ever become full citizens? And if so, what would that mean for human rights and governance?

Clearly, the definition of who-or-how-or what-can one holds citizenship is expanding and changing.

For the Indian diaspora in the U.S., citizenship isn’t just a document—it’s security, opportunity, and a stake in their chosen home. As the world becomes more interconnected, should our concept of citizenship evolve too?

And if AI and non-humans enter the citizenship conversation, should we rethink what it truly means to belong?

Book Mandala

In this section, we suggest a book to be read/listened to each week, for the inner policy enthusiast in you :)

Book: India and Asian Geopolitics: The Past, Present
Author: Shivshankar Menon

About the Book:
In the book, Shivshankar Menon, former National Security Advisor of India, is a deep dive into India's foreign policy and its evolving role in Asian geopolitics. The book examines historical trends, key diplomatic decisions, and the shifting balance of power in the region, particularly in the context of China, the United States, and India's neighbours.

The book offers an insider’s perspective on India's policy dilemmas, providing a nuanced understanding of the country's strategic culture, decision-making, and the challenges it faces in a rapidly changing world order. It’s essential reading for those interested in international relations, Indian diplomacy, and Asian power dynamics.

Our take:
The book offers a comprehensive and nuanced analysis of India's foreign policy, tracing its evolution from independence to contemporary global challenges. Menon presents a balanced view of India’s foreign policy—highlighting its strategic autonomy, economic considerations, and security challenges—while acknowledging the constraints and contradictions that come with it.

The book is rich in detail and analysis and therefore, it is more suited to readers with a background or strong interest in international relations. Some sections, especially those focused on diplomatic negotiations and policy intricacies, can be dense. However, for those seeking a deeper understanding of India's geopolitical stance and the broader shifts in Asian power dynamics, India and Asian Geopolitics is an insightful and thought-provoking read.

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Below, we discuss one recent policy update from the past week(s), and analyze them for you: Let’s go!

Analysis #1: Amending Accountability: The Election Commission's Transparency Dilemma

Shutters Down on Election Transparency?

Satyameva Jayate—our national motto says: "Truth Alone Triumphs".

But what is truth? And what does triumph in truth mean?

Well, it seems to have a transient meaning. At least that seems to be the case with the Election Commission of India (ECI), which has recently updated some rules walking on thin ice between transparency, and voter privacy.

Let’s break it down.

Last week, the Ministry of Law and Justice tweaked Rule 93(2)(a) of the Conduct of Election Rules, 1961, at the request of the ECI.

Previously, it said, “all papers relating to the election shall be open to public inspection.” It now says, “all papers as specified in these rules relating to the election shall be open to public inspection.”

But what do these rules mean?

Well, this is not clear. Seems like the rules are kept open for ECI to declare on their own. But it is clear that we have changed from: all documents of Elections being in public domain, to now only documents explicitly mentioned in the rules to be made public. This is likely to leave a lot of documents locked away.

But Why this change? and Why now?

This seems to be triggered from the recent Punjab and Haryana High Court order to the ECI to release certain election-related documents, including CCTV footage, from the Haryana Assembly elections in Mehmood Pracha vs Election Commission Of India Case (2024).

What seemed like a straightforward ask was reverted by ECI as a potential compromise of voter secrecy, invoking potential misuse of the videos to fuel AI-based deep-fake videos. Then, they took a step further and tightened the rules even more, claiming it was just a “housekeeping” measure.

But, as expected ECI is back under the public scanner for this.

Given the ECI's history, it has a strong reputation to protect. After all, they’ve been the faces behind live election coverage, Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs), and the Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) systems—all designed to ensure transparency and maintain public trust. 

But here’s the thing: even the most trusted institutions need scrutiny.

After all, in a democracy, transparency isn’t just a nice-to-have—it’s a must-have. Every move, especially one that limits public access, deserves a closer look. Unsurprisingly, the amendment has stirred up a storm of criticism. Here’s why people aren’t letting it slide:

• Leaving Stakeholders: The ECI seems to have completely skipped a crucial stakeholder: political parties. This seems to hinder the trust further.

• Ignoring the Court: The amendment brushes aside court rulings like the recent Punjab and Haryana High Court’s directive.

• Potential Future Trouble: Critics argue that limiting public access could encourage malpractice. Remember the rigging caught on video during the 2019 Tripura elections? Those repolls happened because the evidence was accessible. Under the new rules, uncovering such cases might be a lot tougher.

As expected, Opposition parties have spoken out, and so has the media.

The ECI insists this isn’t an opaque wall but a translucent one ;)

The amendment doesn’t slam the door shut, i.e. doesn’t fully lock the documents in, but lets you peek through the keyhole, i.e. restricts access to the common public but being accessible to the judiciary, while major election documents still available for public access.

Our take: For democracy to thrive, we need to strike the right balance between privacy and transparency. So, how do we get this balance right? Here’s a quick to-do list for the powers that be:

• Spell It Out: Clearly define which documents will remain accessible to avoid any guessing games. The quicker ECI brings this list out with the process to access them clearly articulated, the more it will regain public trust.

• Team Up: Changing election rules is a massive change. A more consultative approach bringing political parties, civil society, and experts into the decision-making huddle makes such changes more acceptable and sustainable.

Sure, protecting voter secrecy is important, but keeping the system transparent is equally vital. After all, democracy works best in the light—not in the shadows.

Let’s keep asking the tough questions, because when it comes to democracy, "Truth Alone Triumphs"—and the ballot box deserves nothing less.

News Mandala: What, Why, and How of Recent Policy

Below, we discuss two recent policy updates from the past week(s), and present them for you: From India’s Logistics Sector to Solar Plan. Let’s start.

News #1: A $350 Million Boost to Fix India’s Logistics Puzzle

How would you feel if you had to pay double the delivery charges every single time? You wouldn’t like that, would you? Neither would we. Looks like nations don’t like it either. But well, that’s what’s happening with India.

India spends a whopping 14-18% of its GDP just on getting goods from point A to point B, while the global average is only 8%. Clearly, something needs to change. Enter the Asian Development Bank (ADB) with a $350 million loan via the SMILE program. And no, SMILE isn’t just a feel-good project—it stands for Strengthening Multimodal and Integrated Logistics Ecosystems—basically, "Let’s fix this mess."

So, what’s the game plan? The SMILE program aims to boost India’s manufacturing sector and make supply chains more reliable. Which means - smoother transport, faster customs, and smarter warehouses - overall lower costs. A complete makeover for India’s logistics network—efficient, green, and investor-friendly.

SMILE program comes in 2 parts: The first part (creatively named Subprogram 1) of the SMILE program got things rolling in 2023 with important reforms like the PM Gati Shakti National Master Plan and the National Logistics Policy by the Government of India. Now, Subprogram 2 - which the loan was signed for - is rolling up its sleeves to get these ideas into action at different government levels and agencies. The loan comes with a 12-year repayment period and an interest rate under 1%. Sweet deal, right?

Now, what’s in it for us? For starters, cheaper logistics means cheaper goods—think groceries, gadgets, and everything in between. Quicker customs means your package clears faster, smoother transport, and smarter warehouses ensure it’s packed and arrives at your doorstep without delays. Which means, products will actually be available when you need them - even in those hard-to-reach places.

Of course, there are challenges—outdated infrastructure, red tape, and getting private companies on board. But overcoming these hurdles is key to making India’s economy work better for everyone.

So, what do you think? Can the SMILE program help India transform its logistics and become a global manufacturing superstar? Only time will tell.

News #2: A Solar-Driven India: Harnessing the Power of the Sun

What do Adani, Ambani, and Tata have in common? Sure, they’re rich, but here’s the kicker: they’re also all pouring big money into solar energy.

However, when it comes to the solar cells that actually power our solar panels, things aren’t quite matching up.

Starting June 2026, all clean energy projects will need to use solar panels made from locally-produced solar cells. The goal? Boost local manufacturing, cut down on imports, and strengthen energy security.

Now, let’s break it down: solar cells are the small techy bits that actually turn sunlight into electricity, while solar panels are just groups of those cells stitched together. Think of it like the difference between puzzle pieces (solar cells) and the final picture (solar panels). At the moment, India has a solid manufacturing capacity of 80 GW for solar panels, but only 7.6 GW for solar cells. That’s like having a super cool puzzle board (solar panels) but not enough puzzle pieces (solar cells) to complete the picture. No good, right? If the plan works out, India could fully home-grow its solar panels—no more relying on imports, boost the renewable energy market, and help build a stronger, more reliable energy future.

But wait, there’s more! This isn’t just about economics—it’s also about geopolitics and sustainability. Producing solar cells locally will cut India’s reliance on imports for its solar equipment—currently a whopping 80%, and 60% of this is from China alone. And let’s face it, relying on another country for your solar power needs isn’t exactly the blueprint for energy independence.

Thankfully, India’s solar power capacity is already seeing a rapid rise, signaling a strong commitment to change. In the first nine months of 2024, the country added 16.4 GW of capacity—a massive 167% jump from the same period in 2023. Promising, right?

But the clock is ticking. With just 1.5 years to scale up, India’s going all-in with things like the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme and a whole bunch of solar park developments. The challenge is clear—build fast, scale up, and ensure India walks the talk on self-reliance.

So, what’s your take? Will India manage to flip the switch and lead the solar revolution, or will it be a case of too much ambition and too little time?

Book Mandala

In this section, we suggest a book to be read/listened to each week, for the inner policy enthusiast in you :)

Book: A Luxury called Health
Author: Kavery Nambisan

About the book:
Kaveri Nambisan's A Luxury Called Health is a thought-provoking exploration of the intersection between health and privilege in India. Drawing from personal experiences and societal observations, the author delves into the complexities of health, from the underfunded public healthcare system to the growing reliance on private healthcare. The book challenges the reader to reconsider how we view health, the inequalities surrounding it, and the role of privilege in accessing quality care.

Our take:
Nambisan does a brilliant job of weaving together personal reflections and broader societal issues, showing how health often becomes a privilege, especially for those on the margins. It is a deeply personal account that explores the challenges of navigating a system where quality care is out of reach for many. If you’re looking for an insightful, thought-provoking read that sheds light on the inequalities in our healthcare system, this should be on your TBR.

Analyses #1: The Rise of DOGE: Can Efficiency Become Governance’s New Buzzword?

It’s official: Donald Trump, now President-elect of the United States, has unveiled a new department in the US Government: the Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE). Helmed by none other than Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy, who were his closest associates in his election campaign, this specialized unit aims to deliver on Trump’s campaign promise of trimming bureaucratic layers and streamlining governance. And yes, the acronym may be as meme-worthy as it sounds, but the intent is serious: less red tape, more action.

So, what exactly is DOGE supposed to achieve? And does this bold move carry any lessons for India? Let’s break it down.

DOGE is built on the premise of lean governance: a concept often parroted by Republican administrations in the US but rarely delivered. Historically, most presidents who vowed to "cut government" ironically expanded it. But this time, two entrepreneurial juggernauts are in charge, and they have a deadline of 2.5 years. Musk’s tech-driven vision and Ramaswamy’s business acumen bring seriousness to the endeavor. So, will it mean success?

Usually, promises don’t equal outcomes, especially in governance. So, the real test for DOGE will be whether it can overcome entrenched systems, resist political pressures, and deliver actual reforms.

But does it hold any relevance for India?

Well, India too has flirted with the idea of efficiency-led governance. Remember “Minimum Government, Maximum Governance”? It was the rallying cry of the current administration a decade ago. But how far have we come? Let’s see some examples.

The Smart Cities Mission, launched in 2015 to transform 100 cities by 2020, faces delays with the deadline extended to March 2025 due to bureaucratic inefficiencies, procedural hurdles, and underutilized funds, or take the Dedicated Freight Corridor Project, starting in 2008 with a deadline of 2013 is now delayed by over a decade due to land acquisition hurdles and poor accountability. Additionally, the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) reported over ₹5.5 lakh crore in cost overruns across 448 infrastructure projects—a glaring indictment of inefficiency.

Clearly, the need for systemic efficiency isn’t just relevant for India—it’s urgent. But does that mean importing DOGE is the answer?

It’s not all doom and gloom. India has made strides in pockets of governance.

Starting from the top, the PM office has implemented PRAGATI (Pro-Active Governance and Timely Implementation), a real-time monitoring platform, that has helped expedite ₹18.12 lakh crore worth of critical projects since 2015. Major successes of the government like Swachh Bharat Abhiyan and Ujjwala have been attributed to this portal’s regular monitoring.

Aspirational Districts Dashboard, launched by NITI Aayog, uses data to track and improve progress in lagging regions, driving competition among districts. Government e-marketplace (GeM) has saved ₹45,000 crore by digitizing public procurement, and Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) has revolutionized welfare delivery, eliminating leakages and saving the government ₹2.7 lakh crore.

These initiatives show that India is capable of innovation in governance. But they remain scattered efforts, lacking the coherence and systemic focus needed to transform efficiency across the board.

But, the bigger question remains: Is DOGE the Answer?

Well, DOGE’s strength lies in its focus: an entire department dedicated to efficiency. But the American model, driven by Musk and Ramaswamy’s private-sector experience, might struggle to translate to India’s unique governance ecosystem. Our challenges—like land acquisition, inter-departmental coordination, and grassroots implementation—require solutions tailored to our realities.

A better fit for India might be inspired by the UK’s Government Operational Research Service (GORS).

Why you ask?

GORS integrates operational research and analytics directly into government decision-making. Instead of lofty promises, it focuses on evidence-based interventions, leveraging data modeling and simulation to improve outcomes. Its application across healthcare, taxation, and transportation has optimized resource allocation and reduced inefficiencies.

For India, a GORS-style model could complement existing initiatives like PRAGATI and DBT, offering a data-driven, systems-thinking approach that addresses inefficiencies without creating yet another bureaucratic layer.

India doesn’t just need efficiency—it needs systemic, sustainable efficiency. While DOGE is an intriguing experiment, it might not fit our context. Instead, adopting and adapting proven models like GORS, while scaling our own successes, could pave the way for a governance revolution.

The big question remains: Are we ready to make efficiency more than just a slogan? If not now, when?

Analysis #2:  Himachal Bhawan At Risk: A Legal and Financial Crisis

Himachal Bhawan Gets Attached Over Dues
The news came in like a thunderclap: Himachal Bhawan in Delhi was attached by the court over Rs. 64 crore in unpaid power dues. That’s right—the building, which serves as the state’s representation in the capital, found itself at the heart of a financial storm. This is not just an administrative hiccup; it’s a glaring symbol of the fiscal distress many states are facing today.

But that’s not all. The situation in Himachal Pradesh was soon followed by an unlikely twist—a samosa scandal involving none other than Chief Minister Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu. What started as a casual refreshment moment turned into a political controversy when the CID launched an investigation into the samosas and cakes meant for the CM, which ended up being served to his staff. Talk about a classic case of poor governance priorities. This topped up even the ‘Toilet Tax‘ that was launched last month and pulled back on the same day. But, as ridiculous as these sound, these incidents speak volumes about the state’s broader development direction and its fiscal woes.

The attachment of Himachal Bhawan is just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to fiscal mismanagement. States across India, including Himachal, are grappling with rising debt, increasing fiscal deficits, and a growing inability to fund essential services. The fiscal deficit happens when a government’s spending exceeds its revenue: without including borrowings. In theory, some deficit is acceptable for short-term economic growth. But when deficits stretch into dangerous territory, they signal deeper problems—just like a budget that's been overextended.

The Central Government has put a 3% cap on the fiscal deficit to guide state governments on their financial planning. States like Himachal Pradesh, where the fiscal deficit is projected at 4.7% of GSDP, are finding it harder to make ends meet. The fiscal gap is widening, and this is leading to higher borrowing, increased debt, and long-term financial anxiety. The primary reason is increased spending on welfare schemes which are distributing state finances without generating necessary funds within the state.

Himachal is not alone in this fiscal deficit loop. Punjab, Rajasthan, and Kerala too are facing similar challenges, largely due to over-dependence on welfare schemes that offer immediate political returns but lack sustainability. Free electricity, loan waivers, and subsidies—these measures are becoming the norm, but they come at the cost of long-term economic health. Punjab, for example, spends over 20% of its revenue just servicing debt. It’s a deadly downward spiral of credit.

These populist schemes may win elections, but they can’t be the foundation of economic policy. When states prioritize freebies over fiscal prudence, they ignore structural issues like unemployment, industrial stagnation, and weak infrastructure. This leaves them with little room for capital investments needed for future growth.

The issue isn’t limited to a couple of states. Even in states like Maharashtra and Jharkhand, which just went to polls, the fiscal strain is visible in the form of welfare schemes aimed at gaining favor before elections. In Maharashtra, for instance, the government launched the Mukhyamantri Ladki Bahin Yojana, offering Rs. 1,500 a month to women. While this initiative sounds empowering, the massive Rs. 46,000 crore allocated for it further burdens the state's financial resources. Similarly, Jharkhand is rolling out populist schemes like free electricity and farm loan waivers, all of which may create short-term gains but will eventually hit the state's finances hard.

The trend is clear: states are more focused on winning elections through welfare schemes than on ensuring long-term fiscal health.

Who’s to Blame? The Government or the Citizens?
So, where does the blame lie? Is it the government, which offers these short-term fixes, or is it the citizens, who demand these freebies and elect leaders based on them? It’s easy to blame the government for over-promising, but let’s not forget that citizens also play a key role. The power to change the course of this fiscal crisis lies in our hands—at the ballot box. We, as voters, need to look beyond instant gratification and start thinking about sustainable growth. After all, it’s not just about getting freebies today, but about ensuring a stable and prosperous tomorrow.

The Road Ahead: Prioritize Long-Term Development
The solution isn’t less or more freebies—it’s about rethinking our approach to governance and prioritizing long-term development. States must balance welfare with fiscal responsibility. And citizens need to hold their elected leaders accountable for not just the short-term fixes, but for building a sustainable future.

Until then, we may continue to entertain ourselves with samosa scandals, toilet taxes, and debates over who gets free power. But let’s hope the next headline is about something more substantial than another fiscal blunder or snack-related investigation.

Till next time, let’s keep our fiscal plans as tight as our snacks—and a little less cheesy!

Analysis #3: The Meta Fine: A Wake-Up Call for India’s Technology Policy Ecosystem

In a recent development, the Competition Commission of India (CCI) slapped Meta with a fine of ₹213 crore for violating competition laws concerning WhatsApp's privacy policy. 

Why Was Meta Fined?

Meta's fine stems from its practice of collecting user data through WhatsApp and sharing it across its other platforms—Facebook, Instagram, and WhatsApp itself—without proper consent. The CCI's ruling points to the anti-competitive nature of this behavior, as Meta holds the largest share of the messaging market in India. By leveraging its dominance, Meta effectively forces users into accepting more invasive data-sharing practices, thus stifling fair competition and exploiting user data.

Fines: Small Change for Meta

This fine isn’t an isolated incident. Globally, Meta has been the target of several penalties. Just last week, the European Commission fined the company €797.72 million (approx. 7000 Crores) for antitrust violations related to Facebook Marketplace, and earlier this year, Meta was slapped with a €1.2 billion fine for breaching privacy laws by mishandling EU-U.S. data transfers. Even the U.S. Federal Trade Commission fined Meta $5 billion in 2019 for privacy violations. Yet, despite these hefty sums, the question remains: Do such fines even make a dent?

Critics argue that while these penalties are significant, they pale in comparison to Meta's annual earnings, often exceeding tens of billions of dollars. Essentially, these fines are just part of the cost of doing business, with little real consequence for a company that continues to dominate the global tech landscape. And it’s not just a financial powerhouse, but the access to such data also makes it a global powerhouse.

Meta controls vast swathes of personal data, shaping how billions of users communicate, interact, and even think. This unchecked power raises significant questions about sovereignty in the digital age. Countries like China, for instance, have outright banned Meta’s platforms, citing concerns over data privacy and national security. Meanwhile, in Europe and the U.S., antitrust laws aim to curb the monopolistic tendencies of Big Tech—but how effective are they really?

What’s more troubling is India’s delay in addressing this issue. The WhatsApp privacy policy update in 2021, which coerced users into accepting a ‘take-it-or-leave-it’ approach to data sharing, wasn’t an isolated change. It had been brewing for years, yet it took until recently for the CCI to step in, and that too took 3 years to give a judgment. The lack of swift regulatory action on such critical issues points to a broader concern: do our policymakers have the expertise and resources to regulate such fast-evolving industries effectively?

India’s regulatory bodies often grapple with adapting to rapidly changing technological landscapes. The expertise required to address such complex issues is not always available within traditional bureaucratic structures. There’s an urgent need for lateral expertise—professionals with deep knowledge of technology, digital law, and data security—to join the policymaking process. Otherwise, we risk regulatory frameworks becoming outdated and ineffective in curbing harmful practices.

As India’s digital economy grows at an exponential rate, it’s crucial that our regulations evolve accordingly. We need to move beyond reactive measures and adopt proactive, transparent regulations that hold tech giants accountable before problems escalate. There’s a need for stronger laws, like the EU’s comprehensive antitrust framework, to ensure that digital platforms respect user privacy and competition norms. The Digital Personal Data Protection Act (2023) is a step in the right direction, but more is needed—stronger enforcement and clearer frameworks could prevent companies like Meta from taking advantage of loopholes.

In conclusion, while Meta’s recent fine by CCI is an important step, it’s far from enough. India’s policymakers must act with greater urgency and be armed with the right expertise to safeguard user privacy and prevent monopolistic practices. The digital age demands nothing less than a future where technology serves the people—not just the profit margins of Big Tech. Here's hoping we see more transparent, proactive, and effective regulations soon.

After all, in the world of digital giants, it's not just about fines—it's about staying ahead of the curve.

Book Mandala

In this section, we suggest a book to be read/listened each week, for the inner policy enthusiast in you :)

Book: An Economist in the Real World

Author: Kaushik Basu

About Book: An Economist in the Real World by Kaushik Basu takes readers behind the scenes of policymaking in India and beyond. Drawing on his experience as India’s Chief Economic Advisor, Basu explains how economics works in practice, often clashing with politics and social realities. Through real-world stories and relatable examples, the book explores issues like poverty, corruption, and global trade, making complex topics accessible. It’s a fascinating glimpse into how decisions that shape millions of lives are made—and why they matter to all of us.

Our Take: Reading An Economist in the Real World feels like having a candid conversation with someone who’s been at the heart of policymaking. Kaushik Basu’s reflections reveal not only the complexities of economic decisions but also their human impact. His unique ability to demystify technical concepts while connecting them to India’s social realities makes this book engaging and insightful. For anyone looking to understand the challenges of balancing growth and equity in a diverse democracy, this book is a compelling guide.

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Analysis #1: US Election 2024: What a Trump Comeback Could Mean for India

With the US votes still being counted and Trump achieving substantive victory, it’s a good time to break down what another Trump presidency might mean for India. Here’s a quick look:

1. Same Playbook, Different Team
   US foreign policy, regardless of party, sticks closely to national interests. A strong India aligns well with those, so while Trump brings his own flavour, the big picture for US-India ties is unlikely to shift.

2. A Trump Push for (Sort of) Peace
   Trump claims he wants to cut military expenses on foreign wars, and if he manages a peace deal for ongoing conflicts like the Ukraine-Russia War, it could mean fewer international tensions—a stable world is always a plus for India, especially as India depends on Ukraine and Russia for important imports.

3. Middle East Diplomacy & Trade Routes
   Trump could push deeper ties with the Middle East. If he builds on the Abraham Accords that he negotiated in his last term, this might speed up the India-Middle East-Europe Corridor (IMEC)—a crucial trade route connecting India to Europe via Israel and the UAE.

4. Unpredictability Returns
   The past few years have been geopolitically predictable in US responses, but Trump’s unpredictability might keep India on its toes, especially with tariffs, trade deals, and climate commitments. A diplomatic “keep an eye out” moment for India’s policymakers.

5. Tilting Manufacturing Towards India
   Trump’s anti-China stance might open new manufacturing opportunities for India. His opposition to China-backed, cheap labour countries could steer business toward India, if he ramps up pressure on hubs like Cambodia and Vietnam.

6. Spotlight on Hindu Representation?
   Trump’s recent tweet supporting Bangladeshi Hindus, and vocal support from figures like Vivek Ramaswamy and Tulsi Gabbard, suggests the potential for stronger US advocacy on Hindu issues—a point of interest for the Indian diaspora.

7. Technological Sovereignty: Starlink Push?

   Trump’s electoral victory means a stronger Elon Musk. It may also mean the US is trying to push Indian Policymakers to ease Starlink’s entry into broadband or Tesla’s entry into EV markets. This will impact India’s tech sovereignty.

8. Skilled Migration
   While tough on immigration, Trump’s policies have generally favoured skilled migration. Indian professionals and students are unlikely to see drastic changes here, regardless of political noise.

And as for Trump and Modi? Their camaraderie could mean easier, more direct conversations on trade, defence, and technology, leaving less space for the American ‘Deep State’, and improving transparency.

With the final election result out, the future of India-US relations remains certain, with nuances varying! Till then, enjoy the election memes on social media: Laughter Guaranteed!

Analysis #2: PM Internship Scheme Goes Live: Game-Changer or Just Another Patch?

Earlier this year, India’s Finance Minister set the stage for what looked like a golden opportunity for young professionals: a new internship scheme offering “real industry experience” through year-long placements with India’s top companies.

The plan? 1 crore internships over the next 5 years for youth aged 21-24.

And in the last month, the pilot went live, with 1.25 lakh internships launched in sectors from energy and finance to travel and automotive. But while this sounds promising, there’s a lot to unpack when it comes to students, companies, and the government.

What This Means for Students

• Skills and Employability: What’s the Real Deal?
  For students, the scheme promises hands-on experience, but it’s likely many of these roles will be entry-level, like tele-calling or shop-floor work. While any exposure helps, without structured skill development, will these roles actually boost long-term employability? Without more oversight, students might get only a quick taste of “working life” with limited career growth.

• Is ₹5,000 Enough to Survive On?
  Interns will receive a ₹5,000 monthly stipend—decent but hardly enough in most urban areas. This could limit accessibility for young people from diverse backgrounds. A higher stipend might attract a broader applicant pool, but for now, it’s modest at best.

What does it mean for the corporates?

• Can Companies Absorb So Many Interns?
  With a target of 1 crore internships over five years, each top-500 company would take on roughly 4,000 interns annually. For companies like CRISIL and Dalmia Bharat, which have fewer than 6,000 employees total, this would mean nearly doubling their workforce. Larger companies like Maruti Suzuki and ITC would also need major staff increases of 33% and 16%, respectively. Is this a beneficial workforce boost or a logistical stretch?

• Impact on CSR Budgets: Is This Sustainable?
  Companies will cover training and management costs through their CSR budgets, potentially diverting funds from NGOs and grassroots initiatives that rely on CSR. This may divert ~400-1000 Crores of CSR money into the internships, considering an expenditure of 2-5 thousand, per intern, per month. While this benefits interns, this also drains funds from other development work. Is it worth the trade-off?

What This Implies for the Government?

• Privatising Skill Development with Government+CSR funds?
  Companies have clear goals—creating products and driving profits, not necessarily training. Some argue this scheme reflects the National Skill Development Corporation’s limited success, essentially pushing the private sector to fill the skill gap. 

• Indirect DBT?
  Is this internship scheme simply indirect financial support for young people, with a side of work experience? If it’s a form of DBT (Direct Benefit Transfer), will doing direct support be better than a complex internship structure?

The Bigger Picture: Great Vision, but Execution is Key. The PM Internship Scheme is ambitious, but it hinges on companies delivering quality training and students gaining real skills.

The pilot phase will reveal if this is a bridge between education and employment or a short-term solution. Let’s hope it goes beyond politics and genuinely addresses job growth. We’ll keep tracking the rollout to assess the impact on India’s workforce—and on the companies taking on this responsibility. Stay tuned!

Analysis #3: DA Hike Alert: Why Government Employees Always Beat Inflation

In the last few weeks, the central government announced a hike on Dearness Allowance (DA), quickly followed by almost all states. But what exactly is DA?

DA is an allowance given to all central and state government employees to shield against inflation. This allowance is updated twice a year and is benchmarked against the inflation data available every six months. Adjustments also vary based on whether you live in urban, semi-urban, or rural areas, to better meet local living costs. To put this in perspective, let’s understand the three-fold system of pay increases for government employees:

• DA adjustments, aimed at tackling inflation, are announced in March and September, typically increasing 2–5% of basic pay. This inflation buffer means government employees don’t feel the pinch of rising costs as much as others.

• Pay Commission revisions, aimed at aligning government jobs with other sectors, bring major upgrades every decade, often ranging from a 20–50% salary bump. The last revision was in 2016, and the next Pay Commission is expected soon.

• Promotions in the public sector bring role upgrades but are less frequent due to rigid hierarchies. A typical government employee may only see 2–6 promotions over a 30- to 40-year career.

Together, this trio of DA, Pay Commissions, and promotions keeps government salaries strong, even as inflation rises. Compare this with the private sector, where raises are generally annual, averaging 6–8% for senior roles and 10–12% for early-career professionals—with much more variation based on individual, team, and company-wide performance.

Even though modern performance metrics and skills-based salary mapping exist, government salary hikes are still applied equally, with no link to individual or team performance. Is it time to introduce a performance-linked component?

A blended pay structure that integrates inflation adjustments with performance-based incentives can provide stability and drive accountability. Although steps have been taken, such as the PM Excellence Awards recognizing exceptional civil servants (non-monetary recognition), some Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) adopting limited performance-linked pay for senior roles under the 7th Pay Commission, and the appointment of a Secretary for Performance Management at the Cabinet Secretariat level (between 2009 to 2014), these efforts are diffused and lack consistent implementation across all levels. A full-fledged implementation of performance management and tracking could reward high performers, boost efficiency, and make public sector roles more dynamic.

While these programs are promising but need to be scaled nationwide and connected to individual pay structures. A systematic and transparent framework remains the need of the hour to build an agile, motivated, and accountable public workforce.

To thrive, India must rethink pay structures that reward performance and inspire progress. A balanced approach could bring stability and fairness to our workforce, paving the way for a more dynamic and equitable system for all.

Let’s hope that day comes soon, and while we wait, let’s continue working to improve the system.

Book Mandala

In this section, we suggest a book to be read/listened each week, for the inner policy enthusiast in you :)

Book: China in Ten Words

Author: Yu Hua

About the book: In China in Ten Words, celebrated author Yu Hua presents an intimate, unfiltered portrait of modern China through ten keywords that define its social, political, and cultural landscape. 

Blending personal memoir with sharp social critique, he reflects on China’s rapid transformation—from Mao’s era to today’s economic powerhouse—revealing the resilience, contradictions, and challenges faced by its people. Through themes like “People,” “Leader,” and “Disparity,” Hua offers a nuanced exploration of Chinese identity, showcasing the complexities behind its global rise. This book provides a unique, insider’s perspective, making it an invaluable guide to understanding China from the ground up.

Our Take:  If you're aiming to understand China authentically, China in Ten Words should be your first choice. Yu Hua’s writing is accessible, yet profound, offering a cultural lens to navigate China’s intricate social fabric. From the values shaping everyday life to the forces driving its global ambitions, Hua covers it all. This is an essential read for anyone tracking China’s journey—written by someone who has lived it and offers us his perspective with clarity and depth.

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Below, we discuss two recent policy updates from the past week(s), and present them for you: From India’s power scorecard showing good ‘ranks’ in the last 2 weeks, to the government’s new bet on technology to save food in our public distribution system! Let’s start.

News #1: India’s Power Scorecard is here!

It’s raining rankings, folks! Global think tanks have been busy, and here are the latest standings:

• Innovation: India’s climbed to 39th in the Global Innovation Index 2024, continuing the consistent upward trajectory, from 81st in 2015. We are now leading among lower-middle-income economies but still chasing global powers like China (11th) and the U.S. (3rd).

• Cybersecurity: India’s now a Tier-1 nation in cybersecurity, flexing its muscles to secure the digital space for recognition as a role model country, and even surpassing big guns like China and Russia, both of whom are ranked as tier-II.

• Global Power: India has leapfrogged Japan and Russia to become the third most powerful Asian nation, shadowed only by the U.S. (1st) and China (2nd). However, there is a major gap between the military power between China and India.

In an evolving multipolar world that’s more unpredictable than ever, these rankings pump confidence into a rising India. As we surge ahead, let’s embrace the greatness, the challenges that lie in our path along with the responsibilities that come with it. Time for celebration, and reflection!

News#2: Government’s technology bet to save food: Enter ANNA DARPAN!

The Food Corporation of India (FCI) is taking a digital leap with ANNA DARPAN, a project that's set to step up the supply chain and replace the good old Depot Online System.

Think of it as FCI's mission to focus on food security: streamlined, transparent, and powerful!

With last year’s post-harvest losses hitting a whopping ₹1,52,790 crores, the government is rolling up its sleeves to tackle inefficiencies and delays. ANNA DARPAN will provide an interactive interface, smart data-driven decisions, seamless system integration, and a mobile-first approach clubbed with a cloud environment, all aimed at addressing systemic inefficiencies in the supply chain of the public distribution system. Requirement gathering is in full swing, with deep dives into FCI’s operations to tailor-fit this digital hero.

Hoping to save our nation’s grains to feed more mouths with a digital backbone!

Analysis Mandala: Deepening Policy Understanding

Below, we discuss two recent policy updates from the past week(s), and analyze them for you: From to! Let’s go!

Analysis #1: Taxpayers’ Tax Odyssey: Navigating the DTVSV 2024

Meet Mohan, your everyday taxpayer.

Last year, he diligently filed his income tax return, only to find out that the government had a different take on his calculations. They asked him to cough up the remaining taxes, plus a fine, and interest on delayed payments. Ouch!

Mohan, not one to back down, filed an appeal and has been stuck in tax limbo ever since, watching the interest pile up like a never-ending to-do list, with high litigation costs.

Now, imagine the government’s side. They’re not thrilled either. Managing these appeals is like juggling flaming torches: lots of effort, and someone’s bound to get burned. Plus, delayed tax revenues are a real buzzkill for their budget plans. Mohan and his fellow taxpayers are equally frustrated, as this whole process eats into their productive time and resources, not to mention the headache of litigation.

Here’s a fun fact: there are more than 5 Lakh appeals (both personal and corporate) just like Mohan’s, waiting in line before the Commissioner of Income-Tax (Appeals). And the disputed amount? A whopping ₹10.6 trillion! That’s enough to make anyone’s head spin.

Enter the Direct Tax Vivad se Vishwas Scheme 2024. This scheme is like a magic wand swooping in to save the day. It allows taxpayers to settle all pending litigations (with a few exceptions like search-based cases or those involving foreign funds or narcotics) before the cutoff date of July 22. Instead of dragging out the fight, taxpayers can choose to settle by paying the full tax amount and getting a substantial waiver on interest and penalties. It’s like hitting the “easy” button on your tax woes.

This scheme is an updated extension of the DTVSV 2020, introduced during the COVID-19 pandemic. Its success has led to this sequel, with minor tweaks based on the government’s learnings from the first round. The new scheme simplifies the process even further, making it easier for taxpayers to navigate.

But wait, there’s more! This scheme is also seen as the government’s way of clearing the decks before potentially introducing a new Direct Tax Code in 2025. This new code is expected to simplify taxation laws and expand the taxpayer base, making the whole system more efficient and user-friendly.

So, if you’re a policy enthusiast or researcher, keep an eye on how this scheme unfolds. It’s a fascinating example of policy in action, aimed at reducing litigation and making life a bit easier for taxpayers like Mohan.

Analysis #2: Central Government Increases Minimum Wage Rates for Workers

In a significant move to support workers, especially those in the unorganized sector, the Central Government has announced an increase in minimum wage rates by revising the Variable Dearness Allowance (VDA). This adjustment aims to help workers cope with the rising cost of living.

Historically, minimum wages vary based on three parameters:

1. Type of Occupation: Agriculture, Construction, Mining, Sweeping, etc.

2. Location of Work: Metros, Major Cities, Other Cities, Towns, and Villages

3. Skill Requirement: Skilled, Semi-Skilled, and Unskilled

Combining these, there are around 30+ defined minimum wages. The new minimum wages range from ~₹450 to ~₹1030 per day, benefiting around 50 crore workers, especially the 90% in unorganized sectors with no social security. The change is linked to inflation rates, ensuring regular updates. For example, in 2000, the minimum wage for an unskilled construction worker was ~₹60 per day, which increased to ₹270 in 2012, and is now ₹783 in 2024.

Wow! Great step towards improving the lives of our fellow countrymen, right?

Well, not so fast!

Let’s delve into a bit of history to understand this.

The Minimum Wages Act of 1948 provides for the fixation and enforcement of minimum wages to prevent exploitation through low wages. However, it’s only a non-compulsory framework offering suggestions, with the decision left to states, respecting our federal structure as labor is part of the concurrent list. This creates a disparity in wage payments across states, leading to migration. States like Delhi have some of the highest minimum wages, while Bihar has some of the lowest, causing mass migration that strains resources in Delhi and hinders Bihar’s development.

To complicate matters, the government sets the National Floor Level Minimum Wage (NFLMW) as a benchmark below which no state can set wages. However, this too is non-binding, extending the disparity further. Poor enforcement remains a major issue in most states, mainly due to workers’ lack of awareness about their entitlements under labor laws.

As a policy enthusiast, here are three questions to reflect on:

1. Should the government be in the business of setting minimum wages? Can’t the market ensure fair wages through competition?

2. With regional wage differences, migration remains a challenge. Will moving labor to the central list solve this? What other problems might arise?

3. Should different groups of workers be compensated differently? Will this create disparity, pushing workers to the informal sector or automation?

As always, public policy doesn’t provide easy answers!

While the actual improvements will be seen in a few months, this is a good time to find joy in this baseline change.

Book Mandala

In this section, we suggest a book to be read/listened each week, for the inner policy enthusiast in you :)

Book: India Moving

Author: Chinmay Tumbe

The book “India Moving” explores the vast and varied migrations of India and the world. Ranging from the British-era slave trade to the migration of centuries-old business communities, the book covers historical and contemporary migrations. It delves into refugee crises and mass migrations from states like Bihar and Kerala, highlighting how mobility has enabled the cultural formation of current India. With data, graphs, argument, and humor, it provides a comprehensive look at how millions have moved from, to, and within India.

Our Take: India’s cultural diversity is a thread woven through centuries of migration. “India Moving” brilliantly unravels how these migrations have shaped the nation’s collective identity. For policy enthusiasts, this book is a treasure box, offering deep insights into how socio-economic, political, and geographic events have influenced both internal and external migrations. It’s an essential read to understand the forces that have crafted modern India. Don’t miss out on this enlightening journey through India’s migratory history!

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In this section, we discuss 3 recent policy updates from the past week(s), and present them to you: From the Digital Agriculture Mission and Semiconductors to the new women-centric scheme of Subhadra! Let’s start.

News #1: Digital Agriculture Mission: Setting the digital revolution in agriculture?

Last week, the cabinet approved the Digital Agriculture Mission¹, a sector-enabler scheme with two approaches: Agri-Stack and the Krishi Decision Support System (KDSS).

Agri-Stack consolidates farmers’ data, including personal identity (Farmer’s ID like Aadhaar), centralized land records, and nationwide cropping patterns, with pilots already active across six states. Similarly, KDSS aims to work as a geospatial decision system integrating remote sensing data on crops, soil, weather, and water resources, aiding farmers and policymakers with data analytics, AI, and remote sensing.

By allocating ~2817 Crores to the Digital Agriculture Mission, the government aims to enhance predictability and localization in agriculture, and thus boost farmers’ income. 

Are we ready for a digital revolution in agriculture?

News #2: The ‘Semi’ Shakti Partnership: India US joint semiconductor facility

Yesterday, India and the United States jointly announced Shakti², a semiconductor manufacturing facility (fab) in India. This is being built through a strategic technology partnership between 3 companies: Bharat Semi, 3rdiTech, and the US Space Force³. 

This is a major announcement for two reasons:

1. The fab will focus on National Security, next-generation telecommunications, and green energy applications, all high-priority areas for India.

2. With this technology partnership, India elevates from testing and assembly facilities to true chip fabrication, marking a significant technological milestone.

Semiconductors remain a major focus for India, and it’s an exciting space for policymakers to see it unfolding, from policies to partnerships and from paper to reality. We are excited, are you?

News #3: Odisha government announces Subhadra: ₹50,000 to be given to each woman

The Government of Odisha launched the Subhadra⁴ scheme to provide financial aid to 10 million women. Each woman will receive ₹50,000 over five years, with ₹10,000 per annum in two instalments via Direct Benefit Transfer to Aadhaar-linked bank accounts. There would be an additional ₹500 incentives for women with the highest digital transactions in their village/district. 

Eligibility: women aged 21-60, no other direct benefits, and family income under ₹2.5 Lakhs. 

With this, Odisha⁵ joins states like Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Jharkhand, Chhatisgarh etc, which have similar schemes. While the eligibility clauses and amounts vary, the core tenets of Direct Benefit Transfer, Women-centricity, and the state-sponsored nature of the scheme, remain the same.

Researches indicate that when women have cash access, they prioritize nutritious food for their families. However, these schemes often become permanent state budget items constraining other development expenses.

What are your thoughts on this?

Analysis Mandala: Deepening Policy Understanding

In this section, we analyze two policy updates from the past week(s), and simplify them for you: From Mission Mausam to build climate resilience to One Nation, One Election to ease governance. Let’s go!

Story1: Government Launches Mausam: Building Climate Resilience

2024 has been a challenging year for floods in India, affecting regions from Assam to Gujarat and Himachal to Tamil Nadu. Floods have caused significant damage to property, farms, and lives. In 2023 alone, floods claimed around 600 lives.

Surprisingly, lightning strikes were even deadlier, killing over 2000 people in the same year.

Both floods and lightning are the results of erratic climatic behavior, often untracked by our centralized weather forecasting system. With ~85%⁶ of Indian districts vulnerable to extreme weather events, the need for better prediction is critical.

Enter Mission Mausam!

Last week, the central government announced Mission Mausam⁷ with around ₹2000 Crore budget to upgrade atmospheric observation and analysis infrastructure. This initiative aims to improve monsoon forecasts, air quality alerts, and warnings for extreme weather events and cyclones.

This is not just routine infrastructure improvement. In fact, the last major upgrade was in 2012, so this was long delayed. This time, nearly 60 weather radars, 15 wind profilers, and 15 radiosondes will be installed to provide frequent updates across various atmospheric levels.

And it’s not just about infrastructural improvements this time! Mission Mausam is aimed at transforming weather predictions. It includes investments in technologies like cloud seeding to manage rains, and AI infrastructure for enhanced weather analysis, apart from more localized prediction capabilities with a larger number of weather equipment.

These upgrades will lead to more predictable weather, reducing disaster risks and helping farmers make informed cropping decisions. This will save lives from climate-related disasters and boost the earnings of millions of farming and fishing families.

Let’s hope Mission Mausam helps build a more climate-resilient nation.

Story 2: One Nation, One Election

Let’s go back to Simultaneous Election

The debate on One Nation, One Election (ONOE)⁸ is extensive and multifaceted. If you wish to understand the policy, we recommend you read this, or this. For Policy Mandala, we believe that you must form your own unique perspective by weighing the pros and cons. Here’s a comparison:

1. Financial Implications: Current elections generate temporary jobs and boost GDP through significant expenditure by the government and political parties (For example, the Lok Sabha 2024 alone costed the nation more than a Lakh Crore). ONOE could save tens of thousands of crores annually, potentially increasing social investments and infrastructure growth.

2. Social: Frequent elections pressure governments to focus on short-term policies as each election poses a question of mandate for them. ONOE might lead to a more stable policy environment, allowing for long-term reforms and investments in social development.

3. Political: Continuous elections often degrade public discourse with divisive rhetoric. ONOE could encourage political parties to focus on long-term cadre building and reduce chaotic political narratives.

4. Federal Structure: State and local elections currently focus on local issues, with few national issues in the discourse. ONOE might mix local and national issues, potentially diluting the focus on local concerns.

5. Election Cycle: Local elections are often delayed due to political reluctance. For example, Nagaland has been waiting for local body elections for 20 years! ONOE would constitutionally mandate timely elections, empowering local governance systems.

6. Administrative Capability: Multiple elections strain administrative resources and security forces. In the last 30 years, there has been no year without major elections! ONOE would concentrate this effort into a few months every five years, easing the burden on national security and administrative staff.

But, ONOE is still far from implementation. As a major constitutional reform, this would require to pass through the Parliament with a two-thirds majority, and ratification by at least half the states. This is massive!

With expectations set on the bill being introduced in the winter session, it’s time to grab the popcorn and a reflection cap to see the policy process unfold.

Which side do you find yourselves on? We would love to hear from you!

Book Mandala

In this section, we suggest a book to be read/listened each week, for the inner policy enthusiast in you :)

Book: Method in the Madness

Author: Parameswaran Iyer

As the secretary responsible and credited for the Swacch Bharat Mission, the author has shared his journey of exploration of the complexities and triumphs of governance and public policy in India. The book offers a detailed examination of key policy initiatives that drove the Swacch Bharat Mission to success, illustrating how strategic thinking and methodical planning can overcome bureaucratic hurdles and drive meaningful change. The author’s firsthand accounts provide a unique perspective on the practicalities of policy execution and the importance of perseverance and innovation.

Our take: If you ever wish/wished to wear the policymakers cap, and think of connecting policy with governance, this book is for you! Written with a storytellers’ grip, and a smooth flow of facts, and stories, the book with take you through the adventurous ride of Swacch Bharat Abhiyaan.

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